Nitrogen-Enriched Biguanidine-Functionalized Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles as a Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation under Solvent-Free Conditions

Designing efficient, economical heterogeneous catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction is highly significant owing to importance of products in industries as well pharmaceutics. Herein, we have designed and synthesized biguanidine-functionalized basic magnetically retrievable cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFNPs) synthesis using benzaldehydes active methylene compounds (malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate/cyanoacetamide). Several advanced techniques, such Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission (TEM), vibration sample magnetometry (VSM), were utilized precisely characterize catalyst. The robust features current approach involve outstanding catalytic performance, solvent-free conditions, ease catalyst retrievability, easy workup procedure, large substrate tolerance, high turnover frequency (TOF) values (up 486.88 h–1), green chemistry metrics E-factor (0.15), mass efficiency (RME) value (87.07%), carbon (93.4%), atom economy (AE) (88.10%) close their ideal values, recyclability up eight runs without a considerable reduction activity, boosting appeal this from commercial ecological point view.